SIR FREDRICK LORD LUGARD[1914-1919].
SIR HUGH CLIFORD [1919-1925].
SIR CREAMER THOMPSON[1925-1931]
SIR DONALD CAMERON[1931-1935]
SIR BENARD RICHARD[1935 -1943]
SIR AUTHOR RICHARD[1943-1948]
SIR JOHN MACHPHERSON[1948-1958]
SIR JAMES ROBERTSON[1958-1960]
EIGHT IN NUMBER.
Thursday, March 25, 2010
STATE CREATION DATE AND THE CREATOR.
GENERAL,YAKUBU GOWON CREATED 12 STATES IN NIGERIA ON 27TH MAY 1967.
GEN.MURTALA MOHAMMED INCREASED THE NUMBER OF STATES FROM 12 TO19 ON THE 3RD OF FEB,1976.
23RD OF SEPT, 1987 GEN IBRAHIM BADAMOSI BABAGINDA ADDED 2 MORE STATES MAKING THE NUMBER OF STATES TO GET TO 21.
27TH AUGUST 1991 BABAGINDA ADDED 9 MORE TO MAKE IT 30 IN ALL.
ON THE 1ST OF OCT.1996 GENERAL SANI ABACHA CREATED 6 STATES.MAKING IT 36 STATES AND THE FCT.ABUJA.
GEN.MURTALA MOHAMMED INCREASED THE NUMBER OF STATES FROM 12 TO19 ON THE 3RD OF FEB,1976.
23RD OF SEPT, 1987 GEN IBRAHIM BADAMOSI BABAGINDA ADDED 2 MORE STATES MAKING THE NUMBER OF STATES TO GET TO 21.
27TH AUGUST 1991 BABAGINDA ADDED 9 MORE TO MAKE IT 30 IN ALL.
ON THE 1ST OF OCT.1996 GENERAL SANI ABACHA CREATED 6 STATES.MAKING IT 36 STATES AND THE FCT.ABUJA.
Gowon declares the division of Nigeria in 12 states, which includes splitting the Eastern Region into three parts
On the eve of the Nigeria-Biafra war in 1967, Gowon and the Federal Military Government split Nigeria into 12 distinct states. For some, this decision was reflective of the desire of Nigerians to have more autonomy in the governance of their own regional affairs. However, this move also served to break apart the “ethnic hegemony” of the Igbo people by confining the majority of the Igbo to the new East Central State. Gowon explains in his speech creating the twelve distinct states that “the twelve states will be six in the present Northern Region, three in the present Eastern region, the Mid-West will remain as it is, the Colony Province of the Western Region and Lagos will form a new Lagos State and the Western Region will otherwise remain as it is.”
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Monday, March 22, 2010
UNIVERSITIES IN NIGERIA AND THEIR WEBSITES
Abia State University, Uturu http://http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
ABTI - American University of Nigeria, Yola (AAUN) http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi http://www.atbu.edu.ng
Adamawa State University, Mubi http://http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria http://www.abu.edu.ng/
Ajayi Crowther Univeristy, Oyo http://www.acu.edu.ng/
Akwa Ibom State University of Technology, Uyo http://www.akutech.edu.ng
Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma http://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng/
Anambra State University of Science and Technology, Uli http://www.ausstportal.com/
Babcock University http://http://www.babcockuni.edu.org/
Bayero University, Kano http://www.buk.edu.ng/
Ben Idahosa University, Benin City http://www.idahosauniversity.com or http://www.biueduportal.com/
Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue, Benue State http://www.bsumakurdi.org/
Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State http://www.bowenuniversity-edu.org
Caleb University, Lagos http://calebuniversitylagos.com/
Cetep City University, Lagos http://www.cetepcityuniversity.com/
Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State http://http://www.covenantuniversity.com/
Crawford University, Igbesa, Ogun State http://http://www.crawforduniversity.edu.ng/
Cross River State University of Science and Techology, Calabar http://www.crutechedu.net/
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki http://www.ebsu.edu.ng/
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta http://www.fuaab.edu.ng
Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi http://www.fuam.edu.ng/
Federal University of Agriculture, Umudike http://www.fuau.edu.ng
Federal University of Technology, Akure http://www.futa.edu.ng/
Federal University of Technology, Minna http://www.futm.edu.ng/
Federal University of Technology, Owerri http://www.futo.edu.ng/
Federal University of Technology, Yola http://www.futy.edu.ng/
Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State http://www.fountainuniversity.org/
Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State http://http://www.igbinediontuniversity.edu.ng/
Imo State University, Owerri http://www.imsu.edu.ng
Kano State University of Technology, Wudil, Kano State http://www.kust.edu.ng/
http://www.ksu.mycportal.com/
Kwara State University, Molete, Kwara State http://www.kwasu.edu.ng/
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology http://www.lautech.edu.ng/
Lagos Business School, Lagos http://www.lbs.edu.ng/
Lagos State University (LASU), Ojo. http://www.lasunigeria.org/
Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State http://www.lcu.edu.ng/
Madonna University, Okija, Anambra State http://www.madonnauonline.com/
National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos h://ww.nou.edu.ng w
Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna http://www.nda.edu.ng/
Novena University, Ogume, Delta State http://www.novenauniversity.org/
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. http://www.nauni.edu.ng/
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife http://www.oauife.edu.ng/
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye. (Formerly Ogun State University) http://www.oou-ng.com/
Plateau State University, Bokkos http://www.plasu.edu.ng
Redeemer's University, Mowe, Ogun State http://www.run.edu.ng/
Renaissance University, Enugu http://www.rnu.edu.ng/
Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt http://www.rsust.edu.ng
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State Formerly Tai Solarin College of Education (TASCE) http://www.tasu.edu.ng
University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti http://www.unadportal.com/
University of Abuja, Abuja. http://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/
University of Benin, Benin City http://www.uniben.edu.ng/
University of Calabar, Calabar http://www.unical.edu.ng/
University of Ibadan, Ibadan http://www.ui.edu.ng/
University of Ibadan Post Graduate School, Ibadan http://www.pgschoolui.com/
University of Ilorin, Ilorin http://www.unilorin.edu.ng/
University of Jos, Jos http://www.unijos.edu.ng/
University of Lagos, Lagos http://www.unilag.edu/
University of Maiduguri, Maduguri http://www.unimaid.edu.ng/
University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State http://www.unimkar.edu.ng/
University of Nigeria, Nsukka http://www.unn.edu.ng/
University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt http://www.uniport.edu.ng/
University of Uyo, Uyo http://www.uniuyo.du.ng/
Usman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto http://www.udusok.edu.ng
Wukari Jubilee University, Wukari, Taraba State http://www.wukarijubilee.org/
ABTI - American University of Nigeria, Yola (AAUN) http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi http://www.atbu.edu.ng
Adamawa State University, Mubi http://http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko http://www.blogger.com/goog_1269185024778
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria http://www.abu.edu.ng/
Ajayi Crowther Univeristy, Oyo http://www.acu.edu.ng/
Akwa Ibom State University of Technology, Uyo http://www.akutech.edu.ng
Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma http://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng/
Anambra State University of Science and Technology, Uli http://www.ausstportal.com/
Babcock University http://http://www.babcockuni.edu.org/
Bayero University, Kano http://www.buk.edu.ng/
Ben Idahosa University, Benin City http://www.idahosauniversity.com or http://www.biueduportal.com/
Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue, Benue State http://www.bsumakurdi.org/
Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State http://www.bowenuniversity-edu.org
Caleb University, Lagos http://calebuniversitylagos.com/
Cetep City University, Lagos http://www.cetepcityuniversity.com/
Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State http://http://www.covenantuniversity.com/
Crawford University, Igbesa, Ogun State http://http://www.crawforduniversity.edu.ng/
Cross River State University of Science and Techology, Calabar http://www.crutechedu.net/
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki http://www.ebsu.edu.ng/
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta http://www.fuaab.edu.ng
Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi http://www.fuam.edu.ng/
Federal University of Agriculture, Umudike http://www.fuau.edu.ng
Federal University of Technology, Akure http://www.futa.edu.ng/
Federal University of Technology, Minna http://www.futm.edu.ng/
Federal University of Technology, Owerri http://www.futo.edu.ng/
Federal University of Technology, Yola http://www.futy.edu.ng/
Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State http://www.fountainuniversity.org/
Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State http://http://www.igbinediontuniversity.edu.ng/
Imo State University, Owerri http://www.imsu.edu.ng
Kano State University of Technology, Wudil, Kano State http://www.kust.edu.ng/
http://www.ksu.mycportal.com/
Kwara State University, Molete, Kwara State http://www.kwasu.edu.ng/
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology http://www.lautech.edu.ng/
Lagos Business School, Lagos http://www.lbs.edu.ng/
Lagos State University (LASU), Ojo. http://www.lasunigeria.org/
Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State http://www.lcu.edu.ng/
Madonna University, Okija, Anambra State http://www.madonnauonline.com/
National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos h://ww.nou.edu.ng w
Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna http://www.nda.edu.ng/
Novena University, Ogume, Delta State http://www.novenauniversity.org/
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. http://www.nauni.edu.ng/
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife http://www.oauife.edu.ng/
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye. (Formerly Ogun State University) http://www.oou-ng.com/
Plateau State University, Bokkos http://www.plasu.edu.ng
Redeemer's University, Mowe, Ogun State http://www.run.edu.ng/
Renaissance University, Enugu http://www.rnu.edu.ng/
Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt http://www.rsust.edu.ng
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State Formerly Tai Solarin College of Education (TASCE) http://www.tasu.edu.ng
University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti http://www.unadportal.com/
University of Abuja, Abuja. http://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/
University of Benin, Benin City http://www.uniben.edu.ng/
University of Calabar, Calabar http://www.unical.edu.ng/
University of Ibadan, Ibadan http://www.ui.edu.ng/
University of Ibadan Post Graduate School, Ibadan http://www.pgschoolui.com/
University of Ilorin, Ilorin http://www.unilorin.edu.ng/
University of Jos, Jos http://www.unijos.edu.ng/
University of Lagos, Lagos http://www.unilag.edu/
University of Maiduguri, Maduguri http://www.unimaid.edu.ng/
University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State http://www.unimkar.edu.ng/
University of Nigeria, Nsukka http://www.unn.edu.ng/
University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt http://www.uniport.edu.ng/
University of Uyo, Uyo http://www.uniuyo.du.ng/
Usman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto http://www.udusok.edu.ng
Wukari Jubilee University, Wukari, Taraba State http://www.wukarijubilee.org/
PAST AND PRESENT HEADS OF STATE
FIRST REPUBLIC.
Azikiwe 1 st june 1963--jan15th 1966.
Military regime Aguiyi-Ironsi[jan.15th to july29th1966] • .
Gowon[ july 29th 1966--july29th1975]•.
Gen,murtala Mohammed [july29th1975--feb13th1976] • .
olusegun Obasanjo [feb 13th 1976--sept,30th 1979
Second Republic .
Ahaji shehu Shagari [oct,1st1979---dec.30th 1983
Military regime .
Gen.muhammaduBuhari[dec13th 1983--aug27th1985 •
Gen Ibrahim Babangida[aug.27th 1985--aug 26th 1993 •
Shonekan (interim)*[aug.26th1993-nov 17th1993 •
Gen.saniAbacha nov17th1993--june8th1998•
Gen A.Abubakar [june 8th 1998 --may29th 1999
Fourth Republic
Chief olusegun Obasanjo[may 29th2003--may29 2007] •
Umaru musa Yar'Aduamay29th 2007 ---presently on sick leave• Jonathan (Acting)
2009 to may 29 2015 president Goodluck Ebele Jonathan
2015 till date President muhammadu buhari rtd.
Saturday, March 20, 2010
SENATE PRESIDENT SINCE 1960 TILL DATE
DR.NNAMDI AZIKIWE 1960-1960
DR.NWAFOR ORIZU 1960-1966
DR.JOSEPH WAYAS 1979-1983
DR.IYORCHIA AYU 1992-1993
ANECHE EBUTE 1993-1993
CHIEF EVANS ENWEREM 1999-1999
DR.CHUBA OKADIGBO 1999-2000
CHIEF PIOUS ANYIM 2000-2003
CHIEF ADOLPHUS WABARA 2003-2005
CHIEF KEN NNAMANI 2005-2007
CHIEF DAVIVD MARK 2007-2015
DR. BUKOLA SARAKI 2015- TILL DATE
DR.NWAFOR ORIZU 1960-1966
DR.JOSEPH WAYAS 1979-1983
DR.IYORCHIA AYU 1992-1993
ANECHE EBUTE 1993-1993
CHIEF EVANS ENWEREM 1999-1999
DR.CHUBA OKADIGBO 1999-2000
CHIEF PIOUS ANYIM 2000-2003
CHIEF ADOLPHUS WABARA 2003-2005
CHIEF KEN NNAMANI 2005-2007
CHIEF DAVIVD MARK 2007-2015
DR. BUKOLA SARAKI 2015- TILL DATE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS,CAPITAL AND NUMBERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN EACH STATE
B. THE THIRTY-SIX STATES AND THE NEW CAPITAL, ABUJA, WITH THE STATE CAPITALS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS
STATES STATE CAPITALS LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS. ABIA . ADAMAWA . AKWA IBOM . ANAMBRA . BAUCHI . BAYELSA . BENUE . BORNO . CROSS RIVER . DELTA . EDO . EBONYI . EKITI . ENUGU . GOMBE . IMO . JIGAWA . KADUNA . KANO . KATSINA . KEBBI . KOGI . KWARA . LAGOS . NIGER . OGUN . ONDO . OSUN . OYO . NASSARAWA . PLATEAU . RIVERS . SOKOTO . TARABA . YOBE . ZAMFARA .
FCT-ABUJA:[6 Gwagwalada, Kuje,Abaji,Abuja Municipal, Bwari
Kwali.
ABIA STATE: Umuahia: Aba North Aba South Arochukwu Bende Ikwuano IsialaNgwa North Isiala-Ngwa South Isuikwato Obi Nwa Ohafia Osisioma Ngwa Ugwunagbo Ukwa East Ukwa West Umuahia North Umuahia South Umu-Neochi.
ADAMAWA: Yola: Demsa, Fufore, Ganaye, Gireri, Gombi, Guyuk, Hong Jada, Lamurde,Madagali, Maiha, Mayo-Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan
Shelleng, Song Toungo, Yola, North Yola, South.
AKWA IBOM UYO:Abak, Eastern Obolo, Eket, Esit Eket, Essien Udim, Etim Ekpo, Etinan, Ibeno, Ibesikpo Asutan, Ibiono Ibom Ika, Ikono, Ikot Abasi, Ikot Ekpene
Ini Itu Mbo Mkpat Enin Nsit Atai Nsit Ibom Nsit Ubium Obot Akara Okobo Onna Oron Oruk Anam, Udung Uko, Ukanafun, Uruan, Urue-Offong/Oruko Uyo
ANAMBRA: Awka: Aguata, Anambra East, Anambra West, Anaocha. Awka North,
Awka South. Ayamelum, Dunukofia ,Ekwusigo, Idemili North, Idemili south Ihiala. Njikoka, Nnewi North ,Nnewi South, Ogbaru, Onitsha North, Onitsha South, Orumba North, Orumba South,Oyi,
BAUCHI: Bauchi: Alkaleri, Bauchi, Bogoro, Damban, Darazo, Dass,Ganjuwa
Giade, Itas/Gadau, Jama'are, Katagum, Kirfi, Misau, Ningi, Shira, Tafawa-Balewa. Toro, Warji, Zaki
Bayelsa Yenagoa Brass Ekeremor Kolokuma/Opokuma Nembe Ogbia Sagbama Southern Jaw Yenegoa
Benue Makurdi Ado AgatuApa BurukuGboko Guma Gwer East Gwer West Katsina-Ala KonshishaKwande Logo Makurdi Obi Ogbadibo Oju Okpokwu Ohimini Oturkpo Tarka Ukum Ushongo Vandeikya
Bornu Maiduguri Abadam Askira/Uba Bama Bayo Biu Chibok Damboa Dikwa Gubio Guzamala Gwoza Hawul Jere Kaga Kala/Balge Konduga Kukawa Kwaya Kusar Mafa Magumeri Maiduguri Marte Mobbar
Monguno Ngala Nganzai Shani
Cross River Calabar Akpabuyo Odukpani AkamkpaBiaseAbiIkomYarkur Odubra Boki Ogoja Yala
Obanliku Obudu Calabar South Etung Bekwara Bakassi Calabar Municipality
Delta Asaba Oshimili Aniocha Aniocha South Ika South Ika North-East Ndokwa WestNdokwa EastIsokosouth Isoko North Bomadi Burutu Ughelli South Ughelli North Ethiope West Ethiope East Sapele Okpe Warri North Warri South Uvwie Udu Warri Central Ukwani Oshimili North Patani
Ebonyi Abakaliki Afikpo South Afikpo North Onicha Ohaozara Abakaliki Ishielu kwo Ezza EzzaSouthOhaukwu Ebonyi Ivo
Edo Benin City Esan North-East Esan CentralEsan West Egor Ukpoba Central Etsako Central IguebenOredo Ovia SouthWest Ovia South-East Orhionwon Uhunmwonde Etsako East Esan South-East Ekiti Ado Ekiti Ado Ekiti-East Ekiti-WestEmure/Ise/Orun Ekiti South-West kare epodun Ijero, Ido/OsiOyeIkole Moba Gbonyin Efon Ise/Orun Ilejemeje.
Enugu Enugu Enugu South, Igbo-Eze South Enugu NorthNkanuUdi AgwuOji-River EzeaguIgboEzNorthIsi-Uzo NsukkaIgbo-Ekiti Uzo-Uwani Enugu Eas Aninri Nkanu East Udenu.
Gombe Gombe Akko BalangaBilliri DukkuKaltungo Kwami Shomgom FunakayeGombe Nafada/Bajoga
Yamaltu/Delta.
Imo Owerri Aboh-Mbaise Ahiazu-MbaiseEhime-MbanoEzinihitteIdeato NorthIdeato South Ihitte/Uboma
Ikeduru Isiala MbanoIsu Mbaitoli Mbaitoli Ngor-Okpala Njaba Nwangele Nkwerre Obowo Oguta Ohaji/Egbema Okigwe Orlu Orsu Oru East Oru West Owerri-MunicipalOwerri North Owerri West
Jigawa Dutse Auyo Babura Birni KuduBiriniwa Buji DutseGagarawa Garki Gumel Guri Gwaram Gwiwa
Hadejia Jahun Kafin Hausa Kaugama Kazaure Kiri Kasamma Kiyawa Maigatari Malam Madori Miga Ringim Roni Sule-Tankarkar Taura Yankwashi.
Kaduna Kaduna Birni-Gwari Chikun GiwaIgabi Ikara jaba Jema'aKachia Kaduna North Kaduna South Kagarko Kajuru Kaura KauruKubau Kudan Lere Makarfi Sabon-Gari SangaSoba
Zango-Kataf Zaria
Kano Kano Ajingi AlbasuBagwai Bebeji BichiBunkure DalaDambattaDawakin Kudu Dawakin Tofa DoguwaFaggeGabasawaGarkoGarumMallamGayaGezawaGwaleGwarzoKabo Kano Municipal
KarayeKibiyaKirukumbotsoKunchiKuraMadobiMakodaMinjibirNasarawaRano Rimin GadoRogo
Shanono SumailaTakaliTarauniTofaTsanyawaTudun WadaUngogoWarawa Wudil
Katsina Katsina BakorBatagarawaBatsariBaureBindawaCharanchiDandumeDanjaDan MusaDaura
DutsiDutsinMaFaskariFuntuaIngawaJibiaKafurKaitaKankaraKankiaKatsinaKurfKusadaMai'AduaMalumfashi Mani Mashi MatazuuMusawaRimi Sabuwa Safana Sandamu Zango
Kebbi Birnin Kebbi Aleiro Arewa-DandiArgunguAugieBagudoBirnin KebbiBunzaDandiFakai Gwandu
Jega KalgoKoko/BesseMaiyama Ngaski Sakaba Shanga Suru Wasagu/Danko Yauri Zuru
Kogi Lokoja Adavi Ajaokuta Ankpa Bassa Dekina Ibaji Idah Igalamela-Odolu Ijumu Kabba/BunKogiLokojaMopa-MuroOfu Ogori/Mangongo Okehi Okene Olamabolo Omala Yagba East Yagba West.
Kwara Ilorin Asa Baruten Edu Ekiti IfelodunIlorin East Ilorin West Irepodun Isin Kaiama MoroOffa OkeEro Oyun Pategi .
Lagos Ikeja Agege Ajeromi-Ifelodun AlimoshoAmuwo-OdofinApapa Badagry
EpeEti-OsaIbeju/LekkiIfako-IjayeIkejaIkoroduKosofeLagos IslandLagos Mainland Mushin
OjoOshodi-IsoloShomoluSurulere.
Nasarawa Lafia AkwangAweDomaKaruKeanaKeffiKokonaLafiaNasarawaNasarawa-Eggon Obi
TotoWamba.
NigerMinn AgaieAgwarBidaBorguBossoChanchagaEdatiGbakoGuraraKatchaKontagoraLapaiLavunMagama
Mariga Mashegu MokwaMuyaPailoroRafiRijau Shiroro Suleja Tafa Wushishi
Ogun Abeokuta Abeokuta North Abeokuta SouthAdo-Odo/OtaEgbado NorthEgbado South
Ewekoro fo Ijebu East Ijebu North Ijebu North East Ijebu Ode Ikenne Imeko-Afon Ipokia ObafemiOwode
Ogun Waterside Odeda Odogbolu Remo NorthShagamu .
Ondo Akure Akoko North East Akoko NorthWest Akoko South Akure East Akoko South West Akure North Akure South Ese-Odo Idanre Ifedore Ilaje Ile-Oluji OkeigboIrele Odigbo Okitipupa Ondo EastOndo West Ose Owo
Osun Oshogbo Aiyedade AiyedireAtakumosa East Atakumosa West Boluwaduro Boripe Ede North
Ede South Egbedore Ejigbo Ife Central Ife EastIfe North Ife South Ifedayo Ifelodun Ila Ilesha East IleshaWest IrepodunIrewole Isokan Iwo Obokun Odo-OtinOla-Oluwa Olorunda Oriade Orolu Osogbo
Oyo Ibadan Afijio AkinyeleAtibaAtigboEgbedaIbadanCentralIbadan North Ibadan North WestIbadan South East Ibadan South WestIbarapa CentralIbarapa East Ibarapa North IdoIrepo Iseyin Itesiwaju IwajowaKajolaLagelu Ogbomosho North Ogbmosho SouthOgo OluwaOlorunsogo
OluyoleOna-AraOrelopeOri Ire Oyo EastOyo West Saki East Saki West Surulere
Plateau Jos Barikin Ladi Bassa Bokkos Jos East Jos North Jos South Kanam Kanke Langtang North Langtang South Mangu Mikang Pankshin Qua'an Pan Riyom Shendam Wase
Rivers Port Harcourt Abua/OdualAhoada East Ahoada West Akuku Toru Andoni Asari-Toru
Bonny DegemaEmohua Eleme Etche Gokana Ikwerre Khana Obia/Akpor Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Ogu/Bolo Okrika Omumma Opobo/Nkoro Oyigbo Port-Harcourt Tai
Sokoto Sokoto Binji Bodinga Dange-shnsi Gada Goronyo Gudu Gawabawa Illela Isa
Kware kebbeRabahSabon birniShagariSilameSokoto NorthSokotoSouthTambuwalTqngazaTuretaWamako Wurno Yabo .
Taraba Jalingo Ardo-kolaBali Donga GashakaCassol Ibi Jalingo Karin-Lamido KurmiLauSardauna Takum Ussa Wukari Yorro .
Yobe Damaturu Bade Bursari Damaturu Fika
Fune GeidamGujba Gulani Jakusko Karasuwa Karawa Machina Nangere Nguru Potiskum Tarmua Yunusari Yusufari
Zamfara Gusau Anka Bakura Birnin Magaji Bukkuyum Bungudu Gummi Gusau Kaura Namoda MaradunMaru Shinkafi Talata Mafara Tsafe Zurmi
STATES STATE CAPITALS LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS. ABIA . ADAMAWA . AKWA IBOM . ANAMBRA . BAUCHI . BAYELSA . BENUE . BORNO . CROSS RIVER . DELTA . EDO . EBONYI . EKITI . ENUGU . GOMBE . IMO . JIGAWA . KADUNA . KANO . KATSINA . KEBBI . KOGI . KWARA . LAGOS . NIGER . OGUN . ONDO . OSUN . OYO . NASSARAWA . PLATEAU . RIVERS . SOKOTO . TARABA . YOBE . ZAMFARA .
FCT-ABUJA:[6 Gwagwalada, Kuje,Abaji,Abuja Municipal, Bwari
Kwali.
ABIA STATE: Umuahia: Aba North Aba South Arochukwu Bende Ikwuano IsialaNgwa North Isiala-Ngwa South Isuikwato Obi Nwa Ohafia Osisioma Ngwa Ugwunagbo Ukwa East Ukwa West Umuahia North Umuahia South Umu-Neochi.
ADAMAWA: Yola: Demsa, Fufore, Ganaye, Gireri, Gombi, Guyuk, Hong Jada, Lamurde,Madagali, Maiha, Mayo-Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan
Shelleng, Song Toungo, Yola, North Yola, South.
AKWA IBOM UYO:Abak, Eastern Obolo, Eket, Esit Eket, Essien Udim, Etim Ekpo, Etinan, Ibeno, Ibesikpo Asutan, Ibiono Ibom Ika, Ikono, Ikot Abasi, Ikot Ekpene
Ini Itu Mbo Mkpat Enin Nsit Atai Nsit Ibom Nsit Ubium Obot Akara Okobo Onna Oron Oruk Anam, Udung Uko, Ukanafun, Uruan, Urue-Offong/Oruko Uyo
ANAMBRA: Awka: Aguata, Anambra East, Anambra West, Anaocha. Awka North,
Awka South. Ayamelum, Dunukofia ,Ekwusigo, Idemili North, Idemili south Ihiala. Njikoka, Nnewi North ,Nnewi South, Ogbaru, Onitsha North, Onitsha South, Orumba North, Orumba South,Oyi,
BAUCHI: Bauchi: Alkaleri, Bauchi, Bogoro, Damban, Darazo, Dass,Ganjuwa
Giade, Itas/Gadau, Jama'are, Katagum, Kirfi, Misau, Ningi, Shira, Tafawa-Balewa. Toro, Warji, Zaki
Bayelsa Yenagoa Brass Ekeremor Kolokuma/Opokuma Nembe Ogbia Sagbama Southern Jaw Yenegoa
Benue Makurdi Ado AgatuApa BurukuGboko Guma Gwer East Gwer West Katsina-Ala KonshishaKwande Logo Makurdi Obi Ogbadibo Oju Okpokwu Ohimini Oturkpo Tarka Ukum Ushongo Vandeikya
Bornu Maiduguri Abadam Askira/Uba Bama Bayo Biu Chibok Damboa Dikwa Gubio Guzamala Gwoza Hawul Jere Kaga Kala/Balge Konduga Kukawa Kwaya Kusar Mafa Magumeri Maiduguri Marte Mobbar
Monguno Ngala Nganzai Shani
Cross River Calabar Akpabuyo Odukpani AkamkpaBiaseAbiIkomYarkur Odubra Boki Ogoja Yala
Obanliku Obudu Calabar South Etung Bekwara Bakassi Calabar Municipality
Delta Asaba Oshimili Aniocha Aniocha South Ika South Ika North-East Ndokwa WestNdokwa EastIsokosouth Isoko North Bomadi Burutu Ughelli South Ughelli North Ethiope West Ethiope East Sapele Okpe Warri North Warri South Uvwie Udu Warri Central Ukwani Oshimili North Patani
Ebonyi Abakaliki Afikpo South Afikpo North Onicha Ohaozara Abakaliki Ishielu kwo Ezza EzzaSouthOhaukwu Ebonyi Ivo
Edo Benin City Esan North-East Esan CentralEsan West Egor Ukpoba Central Etsako Central IguebenOredo Ovia SouthWest Ovia South-East Orhionwon Uhunmwonde Etsako East Esan South-East Ekiti Ado Ekiti Ado Ekiti-East Ekiti-WestEmure/Ise/Orun Ekiti South-West kare epodun Ijero, Ido/OsiOyeIkole Moba Gbonyin Efon Ise/Orun Ilejemeje.
Enugu Enugu Enugu South, Igbo-Eze South Enugu NorthNkanuUdi AgwuOji-River EzeaguIgboEzNorthIsi-Uzo NsukkaIgbo-Ekiti Uzo-Uwani Enugu Eas Aninri Nkanu East Udenu.
Gombe Gombe Akko BalangaBilliri DukkuKaltungo Kwami Shomgom FunakayeGombe Nafada/Bajoga
Yamaltu/Delta.
Imo Owerri Aboh-Mbaise Ahiazu-MbaiseEhime-MbanoEzinihitteIdeato NorthIdeato South Ihitte/Uboma
Ikeduru Isiala MbanoIsu Mbaitoli Mbaitoli Ngor-Okpala Njaba Nwangele Nkwerre Obowo Oguta Ohaji/Egbema Okigwe Orlu Orsu Oru East Oru West Owerri-MunicipalOwerri North Owerri West
Jigawa Dutse Auyo Babura Birni KuduBiriniwa Buji DutseGagarawa Garki Gumel Guri Gwaram Gwiwa
Hadejia Jahun Kafin Hausa Kaugama Kazaure Kiri Kasamma Kiyawa Maigatari Malam Madori Miga Ringim Roni Sule-Tankarkar Taura Yankwashi.
Kaduna Kaduna Birni-Gwari Chikun GiwaIgabi Ikara jaba Jema'aKachia Kaduna North Kaduna South Kagarko Kajuru Kaura KauruKubau Kudan Lere Makarfi Sabon-Gari SangaSoba
Zango-Kataf Zaria
Kano Kano Ajingi AlbasuBagwai Bebeji BichiBunkure DalaDambattaDawakin Kudu Dawakin Tofa DoguwaFaggeGabasawaGarkoGarumMallamGayaGezawaGwaleGwarzoKabo Kano Municipal
KarayeKibiyaKirukumbotsoKunchiKuraMadobiMakodaMinjibirNasarawaRano Rimin GadoRogo
Shanono SumailaTakaliTarauniTofaTsanyawaTudun WadaUngogoWarawa Wudil
Katsina Katsina BakorBatagarawaBatsariBaureBindawaCharanchiDandumeDanjaDan MusaDaura
DutsiDutsinMaFaskariFuntuaIngawaJibiaKafurKaitaKankaraKankiaKatsinaKurfKusadaMai'AduaMalumfashi Mani Mashi MatazuuMusawaRimi Sabuwa Safana Sandamu Zango
Kebbi Birnin Kebbi Aleiro Arewa-DandiArgunguAugieBagudoBirnin KebbiBunzaDandiFakai Gwandu
Jega KalgoKoko/BesseMaiyama Ngaski Sakaba Shanga Suru Wasagu/Danko Yauri Zuru
Kogi Lokoja Adavi Ajaokuta Ankpa Bassa Dekina Ibaji Idah Igalamela-Odolu Ijumu Kabba/BunKogiLokojaMopa-MuroOfu Ogori/Mangongo Okehi Okene Olamabolo Omala Yagba East Yagba West.
Kwara Ilorin Asa Baruten Edu Ekiti IfelodunIlorin East Ilorin West Irepodun Isin Kaiama MoroOffa OkeEro Oyun Pategi .
Lagos Ikeja Agege Ajeromi-Ifelodun AlimoshoAmuwo-OdofinApapa Badagry
EpeEti-OsaIbeju/LekkiIfako-IjayeIkejaIkoroduKosofeLagos IslandLagos Mainland Mushin
OjoOshodi-IsoloShomoluSurulere.
Nasarawa Lafia AkwangAweDomaKaruKeanaKeffiKokonaLafiaNasarawaNasarawa-Eggon Obi
TotoWamba.
NigerMinn AgaieAgwarBidaBorguBossoChanchagaEdatiGbakoGuraraKatchaKontagoraLapaiLavunMagama
Mariga Mashegu MokwaMuyaPailoroRafiRijau Shiroro Suleja Tafa Wushishi
Ogun Abeokuta Abeokuta North Abeokuta SouthAdo-Odo/OtaEgbado NorthEgbado South
Ewekoro fo Ijebu East Ijebu North Ijebu North East Ijebu Ode Ikenne Imeko-Afon Ipokia ObafemiOwode
Ogun Waterside Odeda Odogbolu Remo NorthShagamu .
Ondo Akure Akoko North East Akoko NorthWest Akoko South Akure East Akoko South West Akure North Akure South Ese-Odo Idanre Ifedore Ilaje Ile-Oluji OkeigboIrele Odigbo Okitipupa Ondo EastOndo West Ose Owo
Osun Oshogbo Aiyedade AiyedireAtakumosa East Atakumosa West Boluwaduro Boripe Ede North
Ede South Egbedore Ejigbo Ife Central Ife EastIfe North Ife South Ifedayo Ifelodun Ila Ilesha East IleshaWest IrepodunIrewole Isokan Iwo Obokun Odo-OtinOla-Oluwa Olorunda Oriade Orolu Osogbo
Oyo Ibadan Afijio AkinyeleAtibaAtigboEgbedaIbadanCentralIbadan North Ibadan North WestIbadan South East Ibadan South WestIbarapa CentralIbarapa East Ibarapa North IdoIrepo Iseyin Itesiwaju IwajowaKajolaLagelu Ogbomosho North Ogbmosho SouthOgo OluwaOlorunsogo
OluyoleOna-AraOrelopeOri Ire Oyo EastOyo West Saki East Saki West Surulere
Plateau Jos Barikin Ladi Bassa Bokkos Jos East Jos North Jos South Kanam Kanke Langtang North Langtang South Mangu Mikang Pankshin Qua'an Pan Riyom Shendam Wase
Rivers Port Harcourt Abua/OdualAhoada East Ahoada West Akuku Toru Andoni Asari-Toru
Bonny DegemaEmohua Eleme Etche Gokana Ikwerre Khana Obia/Akpor Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Ogu/Bolo Okrika Omumma Opobo/Nkoro Oyigbo Port-Harcourt Tai
Sokoto Sokoto Binji Bodinga Dange-shnsi Gada Goronyo Gudu Gawabawa Illela Isa
Kware kebbeRabahSabon birniShagariSilameSokoto NorthSokotoSouthTambuwalTqngazaTuretaWamako Wurno Yabo .
Taraba Jalingo Ardo-kolaBali Donga GashakaCassol Ibi Jalingo Karin-Lamido KurmiLauSardauna Takum Ussa Wukari Yorro .
Yobe Damaturu Bade Bursari Damaturu Fika
Fune GeidamGujba Gulani Jakusko Karasuwa Karawa Machina Nangere Nguru Potiskum Tarmua Yunusari Yusufari
Zamfara Gusau Anka Bakura Birnin Magaji Bukkuyum Bungudu Gummi Gusau Kaura Namoda MaradunMaru Shinkafi Talata Mafara Tsafe Zurmi
THE SIX GEO-POLITICAL ZONES OF NIGERIA.
NORTH CENTRAL:KADUNA,BENUE,PLATEAU,KWARA,KOGI,NASARAWA ANDABUJA
NORTH EAST:BORNO,YOBE,BAUCHI,GOMBE,ADAMAWA AND TARABA.
NORTH WEST:SOKOTO,KEBBI,ZAMFARA,KASTINA,KANO,JIGAWA AND NIGERSTATE
SOUTHWEST:LAGOS.EKITI,OGUN,ONDO,OSUN AND OYO STATE.
SOUTH SOUTH:BAYELSA,CROSS RIVER,DELTA,EDO,RIVERS AND AKWA-IBOM STATES.
SOUTH EAST:ANAMBRA,IMO,ENUGU,ABIA AND EBONYI STATE.
NORTH EAST:BORNO,YOBE,BAUCHI,GOMBE,ADAMAWA AND TARABA.
NORTH WEST:SOKOTO,KEBBI,ZAMFARA,KASTINA,KANO,JIGAWA AND NIGERSTATE
SOUTHWEST:LAGOS.EKITI,OGUN,ONDO,OSUN AND OYO STATE.
SOUTH SOUTH:BAYELSA,CROSS RIVER,DELTA,EDO,RIVERS AND AKWA-IBOM STATES.
SOUTH EAST:ANAMBRA,IMO,ENUGU,ABIA AND EBONYI STATE.
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
NIGERIA HISTORY FROM EARLY TIMES
Nigeria (pronounced /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religions.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BC.[4] The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was coined by Flora Shaw, the future wife of Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, in the late 19th century.
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the eighth most populous country in the world, and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is 'black'. It is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The economy of Nigeria is one of the fastest growing in the world, with the International Monetary Fund projecting a growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009.[5][6][7][8] It is the second largest economy in Africa, and is a regional power that is also the hegemon in West Africa.
Early history
The Nok people of central Nigeria produced the earliest terracotta sculptures ever to be found in the country.[9] A Nok sculpture resident at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, portrays a sitting dignitary wearing a "Shepherds Crook" on the right arm, and a "hinged flail" on the left. These are symbols of authority associated with ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and the god Osiris, and suggests that an ancient Egyptian style of social structure, and perhaps religion, existed in the area of modern Nigeria during the late Pharonic period.[10]
In the northern part of the country, Kano and Katsina had recorded history dateing back to around 999. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa. At the beginning of the 19th century under Usman dan Fodio the Fulani leaded the centralized Fulani Empire which continued until 1903 when the Fulani population and land were divided into various European colonies. Between 1750 and 1900, between one to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves.[11]
The Yoruba kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the southwestern block of Nigeria became prominent around 700—900 and 1400 respectively. However, Yoruba mythology states that Ile-Ife is the source of the human race and that it predates any other civilization. Ifẹ also produced terra cotta and bronze figures and Ọyọ once extended from western Nigeria to Togo. Arguably the most powerful and prominent kingdom in the whole of Nigeria's history was also located in southwestern Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin. Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko (a Bini name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese) and further.[12]
In southeastern Nigeria the Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people flourished from the controversial date of around the 10th century until 1911, making it the oldest kingdom in Nigeria. The Nri Kingdom was ruled by the Eze Nri. The city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri.[13]
Benin city in the 17th century with the Oba of Benin in procession. This image was pictured in a European book, Traduite du Flamand, in 1668.[14]Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin trade in Nigeria in the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. The Europeans traded with the ethnicities of the coast and also negotiated a trade in slaves, to the detriment and profit of many Nigerian ethnicities. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. Consequently many of the citizens of the former slave nations of the British Empire are descended from a Nigerian ethnic group.
In 1885 British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On January 1, 1901 Nigeria became a British protectorate, part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. Many wars against subjugation had been fought by the states of what later became Nigeria against the British Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Notably of those were the British Conquest of Benin in 1897 and the Anglo-Aro War from 1901—1902. The restraint or complete destruction of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.
In 1914, the Niger area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the northern and southern provinces and Lagos colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Slavery was not finally outlawed in northern Nigeria until 1936.[15]
Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa.
Post-independence
On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. The new republic incorporated a number of people with aspirations of their own sovereign nations. Newly independent, Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe, who became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. Forming the opposition was the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo.[16] The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnicities, the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners'), were sharp.
An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while northern Cameroon chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. The nation parted with its British legacy in 1963 by declaring itself a Federal Republic, with Azikiwe as its first president. When elections came about in 1965, the AG was outmanoeuvred for control of Nigeria's Western Region by the Nigerian National Democratic Party, an amalgamation of conservative Yoruba elements backed heavily by the Federal Government amid dubious electoral circumstances.[citation needed]
Nigerian-Biafran War
Main article: Nigerian Civil War
The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups. The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the Premier of the Northern Region, Sir Ahmadu Bello, and the Premier of the Western Region, Sir Ladoke Akintola. Despite this, the coupists could not set up a central government because of logistic reasons. Sir Nwafor Orizu, the acting President was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the Command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.
The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state. This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence. The Northern coup, which was mostly motivated by ethnic and religious reasons was a bloodbath of both military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo extraction.
The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy and protection from the military's wrath. By May 1967, the Eastern Region had declared itself an independent state called the Republic of Biafra under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu in line with the wishes of the people. The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on July 6, 1967 at Garkem signalling the beginning of the 30 month war that ended in January 1970.[17] More than one million people died in the three-year civil war.[18]
Following the war, Nigeria became to an extent even more mired in ethnic strife, as the defeated southeast and indeed southern Nigeria was now conquered territory for the federal military regime, which changed heads of state twice as army officers staged a bloodless coup against Gowon and enthroned Murtala Mohammed; Olusegun Obansanjo succeeded the former after an assassination.[citation needed]
Military era
Nigerian troops, part of the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur, embarking on a US AircraftDuring the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and billions of dollars generated by production in the oil-rich Niger Delta flowed into the coffers of the Nigerian state. However, increasing corruption and graft at all levels of government squandered most of these earnings.[citation needed] The northern military clique benefited immensely from the oil boom to the detriment of the Nigerian people and economy. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states and precariously to individuals, the Federal Government soon became the centre of political struggle and the centre became the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government created a dangerous situation as it became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns eschewing economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.[19]
Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government was viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society, so when the regime was overthrown by the military coup of Mohammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984, it was generally viewed as a positive development by most of the population.[20] Buhari promised major reforms but his government fared little better than its predecessor, and his regime was overthrown by yet another military coup in 1985.[21]
The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, promptly declared himself President and Commander in chief of the Armed Forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council and also set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He also inflamed religious tensions in the nation and particularly the south by enrolling Nigeria in the Organization of the Islamic Conference.[22]
After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. When free and fair elections were finally held on the 12th of June, 1993, Babangida declared that the results showing a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola null and void, sparking mass civilian violence in protest which effectively shut down the country for weeks and forced Babangida to keep his shaky promise to relinquish office to a civilian run government.[23] Babangida's regime is adjudged to be at the apogee of corruption in the history of the nation as it was during his time that corruption became officially diluted in Nigeria.[24]
Babangida's caretaker regime headed by Ernest Shonekan survived only until late 1993 when General Sani Abacha took power in another military coup. Abacha proved to be perhaps Nigeria's most brutal ruler and employed violence on a wide scale to suppress the continuing pandemic of civilian unrest. Money had been found in various western European countries banks traced to him. He avoided coup plots by bribing army generals. Several hundred millions dollars in accounts traced to him were unearthed in 1999.[25] The regime would come to an end in 1998 when the dictator was found dead amid dubious circumstances. Abacha's death yielded an opportunity for return to civilian rule.
Recent history
Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President ending almost thirty three-years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998.
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. While Obasanjo showed willingness to fight corruption, he was accused by others of the same.[who?]
Umaru Yar'Adua, of the People's Democratic Party, came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being massively flawed.[26]
Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region (see Conflict in the Niger Delta) and inadequate infrastructures are some of the current issues in the country.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BC.[4] The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was coined by Flora Shaw, the future wife of Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, in the late 19th century.
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the eighth most populous country in the world, and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is 'black'. It is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The economy of Nigeria is one of the fastest growing in the world, with the International Monetary Fund projecting a growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009.[5][6][7][8] It is the second largest economy in Africa, and is a regional power that is also the hegemon in West Africa.
Early history
The Nok people of central Nigeria produced the earliest terracotta sculptures ever to be found in the country.[9] A Nok sculpture resident at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, portrays a sitting dignitary wearing a "Shepherds Crook" on the right arm, and a "hinged flail" on the left. These are symbols of authority associated with ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and the god Osiris, and suggests that an ancient Egyptian style of social structure, and perhaps religion, existed in the area of modern Nigeria during the late Pharonic period.[10]
In the northern part of the country, Kano and Katsina had recorded history dateing back to around 999. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa. At the beginning of the 19th century under Usman dan Fodio the Fulani leaded the centralized Fulani Empire which continued until 1903 when the Fulani population and land were divided into various European colonies. Between 1750 and 1900, between one to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves.[11]
The Yoruba kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the southwestern block of Nigeria became prominent around 700—900 and 1400 respectively. However, Yoruba mythology states that Ile-Ife is the source of the human race and that it predates any other civilization. Ifẹ also produced terra cotta and bronze figures and Ọyọ once extended from western Nigeria to Togo. Arguably the most powerful and prominent kingdom in the whole of Nigeria's history was also located in southwestern Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin. Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko (a Bini name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese) and further.[12]
In southeastern Nigeria the Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people flourished from the controversial date of around the 10th century until 1911, making it the oldest kingdom in Nigeria. The Nri Kingdom was ruled by the Eze Nri. The city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri.[13]
Benin city in the 17th century with the Oba of Benin in procession. This image was pictured in a European book, Traduite du Flamand, in 1668.[14]Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin trade in Nigeria in the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. The Europeans traded with the ethnicities of the coast and also negotiated a trade in slaves, to the detriment and profit of many Nigerian ethnicities. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. Consequently many of the citizens of the former slave nations of the British Empire are descended from a Nigerian ethnic group.
In 1885 British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On January 1, 1901 Nigeria became a British protectorate, part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. Many wars against subjugation had been fought by the states of what later became Nigeria against the British Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Notably of those were the British Conquest of Benin in 1897 and the Anglo-Aro War from 1901—1902. The restraint or complete destruction of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.
In 1914, the Niger area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the northern and southern provinces and Lagos colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Slavery was not finally outlawed in northern Nigeria until 1936.[15]
Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa.
Post-independence
On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. The new republic incorporated a number of people with aspirations of their own sovereign nations. Newly independent, Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe, who became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. Forming the opposition was the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo.[16] The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnicities, the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners'), were sharp.
An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while northern Cameroon chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. The nation parted with its British legacy in 1963 by declaring itself a Federal Republic, with Azikiwe as its first president. When elections came about in 1965, the AG was outmanoeuvred for control of Nigeria's Western Region by the Nigerian National Democratic Party, an amalgamation of conservative Yoruba elements backed heavily by the Federal Government amid dubious electoral circumstances.[citation needed]
Nigerian-Biafran War
Main article: Nigerian Civil War
The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups. The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the Premier of the Northern Region, Sir Ahmadu Bello, and the Premier of the Western Region, Sir Ladoke Akintola. Despite this, the coupists could not set up a central government because of logistic reasons. Sir Nwafor Orizu, the acting President was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the Command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.
The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state. This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence. The Northern coup, which was mostly motivated by ethnic and religious reasons was a bloodbath of both military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo extraction.
The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy and protection from the military's wrath. By May 1967, the Eastern Region had declared itself an independent state called the Republic of Biafra under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu in line with the wishes of the people. The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on July 6, 1967 at Garkem signalling the beginning of the 30 month war that ended in January 1970.[17] More than one million people died in the three-year civil war.[18]
Following the war, Nigeria became to an extent even more mired in ethnic strife, as the defeated southeast and indeed southern Nigeria was now conquered territory for the federal military regime, which changed heads of state twice as army officers staged a bloodless coup against Gowon and enthroned Murtala Mohammed; Olusegun Obansanjo succeeded the former after an assassination.[citation needed]
Military era
Nigerian troops, part of the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur, embarking on a US AircraftDuring the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and billions of dollars generated by production in the oil-rich Niger Delta flowed into the coffers of the Nigerian state. However, increasing corruption and graft at all levels of government squandered most of these earnings.[citation needed] The northern military clique benefited immensely from the oil boom to the detriment of the Nigerian people and economy. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states and precariously to individuals, the Federal Government soon became the centre of political struggle and the centre became the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government created a dangerous situation as it became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns eschewing economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.[19]
Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government was viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society, so when the regime was overthrown by the military coup of Mohammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984, it was generally viewed as a positive development by most of the population.[20] Buhari promised major reforms but his government fared little better than its predecessor, and his regime was overthrown by yet another military coup in 1985.[21]
The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, promptly declared himself President and Commander in chief of the Armed Forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council and also set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He also inflamed religious tensions in the nation and particularly the south by enrolling Nigeria in the Organization of the Islamic Conference.[22]
After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. When free and fair elections were finally held on the 12th of June, 1993, Babangida declared that the results showing a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola null and void, sparking mass civilian violence in protest which effectively shut down the country for weeks and forced Babangida to keep his shaky promise to relinquish office to a civilian run government.[23] Babangida's regime is adjudged to be at the apogee of corruption in the history of the nation as it was during his time that corruption became officially diluted in Nigeria.[24]
Babangida's caretaker regime headed by Ernest Shonekan survived only until late 1993 when General Sani Abacha took power in another military coup. Abacha proved to be perhaps Nigeria's most brutal ruler and employed violence on a wide scale to suppress the continuing pandemic of civilian unrest. Money had been found in various western European countries banks traced to him. He avoided coup plots by bribing army generals. Several hundred millions dollars in accounts traced to him were unearthed in 1999.[25] The regime would come to an end in 1998 when the dictator was found dead amid dubious circumstances. Abacha's death yielded an opportunity for return to civilian rule.
Recent history
Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President ending almost thirty three-years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998.
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. While Obasanjo showed willingness to fight corruption, he was accused by others of the same.[who?]
Umaru Yar'Adua, of the People's Democratic Party, came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being massively flawed.[26]
Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region (see Conflict in the Niger Delta) and inadequate infrastructures are some of the current issues in the country.
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we created this blog to help you fellow nigeria to be current,to always keep you updated with the events happening in our country.the information we will be dishing out here will include the past and present happening in our country to help students of history,government and other related courses to excel intheir studies happy stay i hope you will find what you are looking for if not drop a not for us,
from the desk of nelson okoh researcher.
from the desk of nelson okoh researcher.
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